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Homeland Uranium holds ten uranium properties in Utah and Colorado. Three of these - Wray Mesa, CNX and Slickrock - are the company's main focus for exploration and the remaining seven properties- Big Indian, Deremo West, Norma Jean, Dry Creek, Vex, Tex, and Atkinson Mesa complete Homeland's portfolio of exploration properties. With these properties, Homeland currently controls approximately 37,213 acres of Bureau of Land Management land.
All ten properties are situated within the Uravan Mineral Belt. This prolific belt has produced over 69 million pounds of uranium and 360 million pounds of vanadium over its production history.
Geological History:
Homelands' projects share the same general geological history. The Salt Wash member of the Morrison Formation is believed to be the uranium-vanadium mineralization host unit on these properties. It was deposited as a large alluvial fan sequence covering most of western Colorado and southeastern Utah. Major streams aggraded back and forth across the alluvial plain, depositing large sequences of sandstones and mudstones. The streams often cut back across previously deposited sediments, reworking the sands and mudstones. The back and forth reworking of the sands and mudstones has led to the formation of long, lenticular, tabular deposits.
Volcanic activity was widespread during Salt Wash member deposition. Great quantities of volcanic ash were deposited on the alluvial plain and many of these ash layers have now become the interbedded mudstones in the Salt Wash member. It is believed that these ash layers are uranium and vanadium rich and are the source of the mineralization that now occurs in the Salt Wash member.
Homeland feels that the potential for new discoveries in this region is vast, and as a result, is committed to ongoing exploration of its properties.
A brief summary of these properties is listed below. For more detailed information please see the Behre Dolbear technical report dated October 10, 2007.
WRAY MESA PROPERTY
PROPERTY NAME: Wray Mesa
LOCATION: Utah
OWNERSHIP: Leased from Future Energy, LLC of Moab, Utah
PROPERTY SIZE: 302 claims, 6,100 acres
EXPLORATION: Exploration stage
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Wray Mesa property is located near the eastern end of the La Sal Channel near the Colorado-Utah border. The La Sal Channel hosts two of the largest Salt Wash orebodies discovered to date: the Hecla (>15 million lb U) and the Pandora (>5 million lb U).
Uranium-vanadium mineralization occurs in the eastern portion of the La Sal Channel in the Upper Salt Wash Member of the Morrison formation at depths of 500-750 feet. The known thicknesses of the Upper Salt Wash range from 25 to 25 feet and this thickness of the Upper Salt Wash sandstone was unexpected in this area. Previous exploration by Atlas Minerals and Pioneer Uravan has identified three areas of uranium-vanadium mineralization in the Upper Salt Wash Member, all of which are open in at least two directions. Preliminary examination of drill hole maps indicates that the mineralization discovered by Pioneer Uravan on the property occurs in a similar manner to the Hecla and Pandora orebodies. Both the Pandora and Hecla orebodies occur in the oxbow bends in the La Sal Channel.
At least two of the mineralized areas appear to be located in oxbow bends in a major portion of the La Sal Channel. Based on the results from the drilling performed by previous operators, Homeland believes that the Wray Mesa property has the potential to host at least one mineable uranium-vanadium deposit.
WORK HISTORY
Atlas Minerals and Pioneer Uravan explored the Wray Mesa property area from 1976 to 1983. Altogether they drilled 495 exploration holes on the property. Homeland Uranium has drill logs for 193 of these holes, which total 137,510 feet (41,913.13 m) for an average depth of 712.5 feet (217.17 m). Their work defined three areas of anomalous uranium mineralization on the property. These areas are now known by the names of the claims that cover them - Ajax, Dylan, and Whiskey. All of the mineralized areas are open to expansion. There have been no significant exploration efforts on the property since the early 1980's, leaving Homeland with the opportunity for further discovery.
Of the three areas of mineralization discovered to date on the Wray Mesa property, the Ajax has been the most heavily drilled and has been drilled on the closest spacing, with some drill holes 25 to 50 feet apart. One hundred forty three drill holes have been drilled in the immediate vicinity.
The Dylan area has the best-defined mineralization of the three areas. It was drilled by previous operators on a rough 100 foot by 100 foot grid. Thirty-nine holes were drilled by previous operators in the Dylan area. A 200 foot-wide east-west gap between two areas of early drilling was partially filled in by the first round of drilling by Homeland Uranium in 2007.
Mineralization in the Whiskey area is the most poorly defined of the three areas discovered to date on the property. Only three holes (out of 29) drilled by the previous operators, spaced approximately 100 feet apart in this area, intersected significant mineralization.
HOMELAND EXPLORATION
Homeland Uranium drilled 15 vertical rotary holes from the surface of the Wray Mesa property in 2007. Eight holes were drilled on the Whiskey claims and seven holes were drilled on the Dylan claims. Core was taken from three drill holes and is securely stored for future assaying. Down hole electric logs were run by Jet West Geophysical Services and natural gamma radiation was recorded in all drill holes. Gamma neutron, single point resistivity, spontaneous potential, density, and porosity values were measured in various combinations in selected drill holes.
The Homeland Uranium 2007 drilling program on both of the Wray Mesa claim groups encountered mineralization in all but one location.
WORK PROGRAM
Homeland Uranium recommends the following exploration program on the Wray Mesa property:
- Drill twenty 800-foot deep rotary/core exploration holes, ten each in the Whiskey and Dylan areas of the Property to test for continuations of the mineralization encountered in the first round of drilling
- Enter all geologic, assay, and geophysical data from these holes into the GIS database and construct cross-sections from these data
- Determine where further exploration should take place
A projected budget for the first round of drilling is $639,450.
CNX PROPERTY
PROPERTY NAME: CNX Property
LOCATION: Colorado
OWNERSHIP: 100%
PROPERTY SIZE: 298 unpatented lode claims totalling 5,760 acres
EXPLORATION: Preliminary exploration stage
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CNX is Homeland's southernmost Colorado property and is a Salt Wash target.
The property is located on the northeast flank of the Dolores Anticline in the southern portion of the salt anticline region of the Colorado Plateau, in the Uravan Mineral Belt. It is just north of the crest of the anticline near the top of Joe Davis Hill (or Mineral Mountain) and is bounded to the southwest by the Dolores River Canyon. Surface elevation of the property ranges from 5,740 to 7,420 feet above sea level.
The property was staked to test for extensions of uranium-vanadium mineralization in the Salt Wash member that was mined in the adjoining Centennial-Sun Cup (Centennial) mine. The Centennial mine is immediately adjacent to and southwest of the property.
Exposed units include the Burro Canyon and Dakota Formations, which overlay the Upper Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation - the target host rock on the Property. Field work by Homeland Uranium has mapped channels that may lead to at least two and possibly three more potential areas on the property that could host significant uranium-vanadium mineralization.
PREVIOUS WORK
Minerals Recovery Company (MRC), a division of Wisconsin Public Service, explored in the area and discovered the Centennial deposit in the 1970's. The Sun Cup deposit to the east-northeast of the Centennial Mine was discovered at about the same time. Surface and underground exploration proved that the mines were part of the same deposit and further mining connected the workings. The mine is now known as the Centennial Mine. B-Mining of Nucla, Colorado acquired the CNX property in the early 1980s from MRC and mined sporadically until 1998 and it continues to hold claims over and just outside of the mine workings. It is estimated the Centennial Mine produced approximately 1,000,000 pounds of uranium and 10,000,000 pounds of vanadium during its operational life.
The mine was shut down in the early 1980's, not because the deposit was mined out, but due to depressed uranium prices. No mining or exploration activities have taken place on the property or in the area of the Centennial Mine since that time.
HOMELAND EXPLORATION
At present, exploration on the CNX property is in the preliminary stages. Homeland Uranium has permitted 4 rotary drill holes just east of and on trend with the Centennial Mine workings to test for extensions of mineralization.
Field mapping has revealed at least one major Upper Salt Wash channel on the Dolores River Canyon rim, just west of the property on one of the Kalatzes-Willnomen held claims. Channel direction and paleocurrent measurements taken and compiled by Homeland Uranium indicate that this channel continues to the northeast under the property.
Homeland Uranium has plans to drill four drill holes during 2007 and has secured a drilling permit with CDRMS and has provided the necessary bond for reclamation. The drill pads and sumps for those locations have been constructed.
WORK PROGRAM
Homeland Uranium recommends the following exploration program on the CNX property:
- Complete surveying old drill hole locations and entering the drill hole collar locations and geologic data into a GIS database
- Complete mapping the Upper Salt Wash exposures on the Dolores Canyon Rim
- Drill four 800 foot holes at the east ends of the property to test for an eastward extension of the channel from Centennial/Suncup workings adjacent and west of CNX block.
- Based on results from these drill holes, drill another stage of eight to ten rotary holes in the most favourable areas identified in the first round of drilling
- Complete mapping exposures of the Upper Salt Wash on the Dolores River Canyon rim and determine which areas away from the Centennial Mine on the property are the most likely to host significant Upper Salt Wash channels and uranium-vanadium mineralization
- Drill at least 15 to 20 rotary holes in these areas to test for channel locations, favourable stratigraphy, and favourable alteration and mineralization
A proposed budget for the first stage of drilling is $322,500.
SLICKROCK PROPERTY
PROPERTY NAME: Slickrock Property
LOCATION: Colorado
OWNERSHIP: 100%
PROPERTY SIZE: 160 unpatented mining claims, totaling 3,116 acres
EXPLORATION: Preliminary exploration stage
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Slickrock property is located in the southern portion of the Salt Anticline region of the Colorado Plateau near the southern end of the Uravan Mineral Belt. It is situated just north of Homeland's CNX and Norma Jean properties in San Miguel County, Colorado.
The Slickrock property lies to the east and northeast of the Burro Trend and is an area with known mineralization in boreholes from AEC drilling in the late 1950s and early 1960s The Burro Mines located 1.5 miles to the west produced almost two million pounds of uranium and slightly over 12 million pounds of vanadium. The Sunday Complex two miles to the northeast produced over three million pounds of uranium and 15 million pounds of vanadium. Uranium:Vanadium ratios in this area average 1:5 to 1:6.
Homeland's Slickrock property is very well positioned to explore the north end of Disappointment Valley which has a high probability of containing a sandstone channel connecting the Burro Trend with the Sunday Mine Trend.
Mineralization encountered by the United States Geologic Survey (USGS) in its drilling indicates the presence of at least one, but possibly three, major channels on the property. The target unit, the Salt Wash member of the Morison Formation, lies at 700 to 1,200 foot depth, and mineralization is known to occur in these units.
WORK HISTORY
Based on claim stakes seen on the ground, there are at least two previous generations of unpatented lode mining claims in the area covered by Homeland Uranium's Slickrock property.
The USGS and the US Atomic Energy Commission carried out a drilling program between 1948-1956, which revealed extensive favourable alteration (reduction and leaching) in the Upper Salt Wash in the area.
They drilled 139 core holes in the region from 2 miles east of the Slickrock property to 2 miles west of the Slickrock property. Except for 13 reconnaissance holes used for lithlogic control, drilling was done on a rough grid pattern of 1,200 to 1,500-foot spacing with a core rig using a plug bit to the top of the Upper Salt Wash. The USGS drilled 26 holes on what is now Homeland Uranium's Slickrock property. Of these, nine holes had mineralized intercepts (defined as at least a 1-foot thickness of 0.10% U3O8).
The absence of follow-up drilling by the USGS, or any subsequent work, over most of the Slickrock property leaves open the possibility that uranium-vanadium mineralization intersected by the USGS drilling may be open in all directions.
Homeland Uranium has not drilled the Slickrock property to date. However, six drill holes are proposed for the Slickrock property during 2007, are secured with a drilling permit with the Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining, and Safety (CDRMS), and the Company has provided the necessary bonding for reclamation.
WORK PROGRAM
Homeland Uranium proposes the following exploration program on the Slickrock property:
- Drill six initial rotary exploration holes averaging 1,000 feet each as offsets to mineralization encountered in the previous USGS drilling on the property
- Create a GIS database by entering all geologic, assay, and geophysical data from these holes and construct cross-sections from these data
- Based on results from these drill holes, drill another round of 10 to 15 rotary or core holes in the most favourable areas identified in the first round of drilling
- Incorporate these data into the GIS and cross sections and determine where further exploration should take place
A projected budget for the first round of drilling is $182,660.
BIG INDIAN PROPERTY
PROPERTY NAME: Big Indian Property
LOCATION: Utah
OWNERSHIP: 100%
PROPERTY SIZE: 594 unpatented lode mining claims, totaling 10,980 acres
EXPLORATION: Preliminary exploration stage
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Big Indian property is located in San Juan County, Utah and lies in the east-central portion of the Colorado Plateau covering the center of the Hatch Rock Syncline. There are a number of depositional formations that are host rocks for uranium-vanadium ores in the Lisbon Valley District/Big Indian Belt.
Of these, the Shinarump and Moss Back members are the most important for hosting uranium mineralization and are the targets for this property. The Moss Back member is the main host for uranium-vanadium deposits in the Lisbon Valley District, approximately eight miles to the east of the property near La Sal Junction which has produced over 54 million pounds of uranium.
The Big Indian property is in its preliminary stages and has not yet undergone exploration drilling for uranium-vanadium deposits.
WORK PROGRAM
A work plan has been designed to compile data to identify drill targets to acquire stratigraphic information as well as testing for uranium-vanadium mineralization.
- Develop a GIS database by completing and entering all known historic oil and gas and other drill-hole and geologic data
- Construct cross sections and fence diagrams of the thickness of the Chinle Formation sandstones in the area of the property to more closely locate the intersection of the two major stream channels postulated to exist on the property
- Identify drill targets, most probably near the widest and thickest portions of the two stream channels
- Drill at least one fence of five rotary holes of approximately 1,700 foot depth each on 400 foot to 800 foot centers around and along each of the two most favorable targets, for a total of approximately 8,500 feet of drilling
All of the holes will be examined for uranium mineralization with a down-hole probe; and (v) based on results from these drill-holes, drilling another round of 10 to 15 rotary holes in the most favorable areas identified in the first round of drilling.
DEREMO WEST PROPERTY
PROPERTY NAME: Deremo West Property
LOCATION: Utah
OWNERSHIP: Mineral lease from the State of Utah
PROPERTY SIZE: 320 acres
EXPLORATION: Preliminary exploration stage
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Deremo West property is located between Piute Knoll and the head of Summit Canyon, approximately 16 miles east-northeast of Monticello, Utah, and three miles west of the Utah-Colorado state line. It is situated on the northwest side of a prominent southwest-oriented trend of historic uranium-vanadium mining and exploration drilling. This trend extends from southwestern Montrose County, Colorado to eastern San Juan County, Utah. The trend includes the Radium Group/Delany, Letty Jones, and Callihan mines, all located between three and 15 miles northeast of the property, and the Deremo No. 1 mine, approximately two miles east of the property. Historic records show that production at all these mines exceeded one million pounds of uranium.
Based on historic data and past exploration experience in the above uranium-vanadium mining/exploration trend, Homeland Uranium has mapped the relative favorability of this trend and adjacent land for discovery of uranium deposits.
WORK PROGRAM
Exploration on the Deremo West property is in the preliminary stages, including the investigating possibility of leasing private land adjoining the property on the north and east sides. Homeland plans to locate, acquire, and compile historic drilling and mining data in the trend located southeast of the Deremo West property to delineate possible future drilling and land acquisition efforts.
NORMA JEAN
PROPERTY NAME: Norma Jean Property
LOCATION: Colorado
OWNERSHIP: 100%
PROPERTY SIZE: 116 unpatented mining claims, totaling 2,340 acres
EXPLORATION: Preliminary exploration stage
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Norma Jean Property is located just west of Homeland's CNX property in the Slickrock District, San Miguel County, Colorado. Discovered in 1912, deposits in the Norma Jean property area were initially mined for radium. The mines were worked intermittently until World War II began, when the U.S. government began active exploration for and the acquisition of uranium and vanadium.
Uranium mineralization occurs near surface in the Upper and Middle Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation. The Upper Salt Wash outcrops over much of the Property. The upper unit of the Salt Wash member ranges from 25 to 90 feet in thickness throughout the Spud Patch area. The Middle Salt Wash lies between 150 and 250 foot depth in most of the area. Most of the uranium deposits in the area occupy stream channels and scours cut into the Upper and Middle Salt Wash.
Similar to the CNX property, Norma Jean sits on the northeast limb near the crest of the Dolores Anticline, a major WNW-ESE-trending salt formed feature. Historic mines on the Property include Norma Jean, Norma Jean No. 2, Mayday, Bessie, Depression, Paystreak and Moqui Jug. The Norma Jean mines are the only mines developed in the Middle Salt Wash (the others were developed in the Upper Salt Wash on near-surface podiform deposits). The Middle Salt was hosts the Norma Jean and Norma Jean No. 2 mines which were the two largest past-producing mines on the Property (4,500 tonnes at an average grade of 0.33% uranium and 1.92% vanadium). The Middle Salt Wash remains relatively unexplored, providing excellent potential for Homeland to explore and further develop.
U.S. Geological Survey ("USGS") drilling and preliminary surface investigations do not reveal any significant faults that could offset or displace mineralization. There are several small faults which have been mapped to the north of the Norma Jean property that have small-scale, normal offsets on the order of a few feet.
Homeland is attempting to acquire a lease on the mineral and surface rights to the two "Stripper" claims held by Earl Shumway of Moab, Utah to consolidate the land position on the west side of the Norma Jean property.
WORK PROGRAM
A work program has been developed to:
- Enter all known historic drill-hole and geologic data into a digital Geographic Information GIS database
- Complete geologic mapping of exposures of the Middle and Lower Salt Wash to identify major channels, areas of thicker sandstone, and areas of stronger alteration to help focus exploration drilling
- Drill ten 100 to 150 foot deep core holes around each of the old Norma Jean mine workings into and through the Middle Salt Wash to determine if mineralized zones that pinched down in the historic mines at scour surfaces widen out on the other sides of these scours
- If results are favourable, drill step-out core holes on 50 to 100 foot centers on an east-west, north-south grid along mineralized trends identified in the first phase of drilling
DRY CREEK PROPERTY
PROPERTY NAME: Dry Creek Property
LOCATION: Colorado
OWNERSHIP: 100%
PROPERTY SIZE: 195 lode mining claims covering approximately 3,697 acres
EXPLORATION: Preliminary exploration stage
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Dry Creek property is located in San Miguel County, Colorado and is situated in the central portion of the salt anticline region of the Colorado Plateau, in the Uravan Belt. Like many of the properties in Homeland's portfolio, the Salt Wash member of the Morrison Formation is believed to be the uranium-vanadium mineralization host unit on the Dry Creek property.
HISTORY
The area of the Dry Creek property has seen limited exploration. Petro Nuclear held claims in the area in the late 1970's to the early 1980's. Most of the exploration holes were drilled by Union Carbide on a widely spaced grid, with holes spaced from 600 feet to 2,500 feet apart. Homeland Uranium has some of the data from these holes and can construct the rough outlines of the channel going through the property.
Another company, Ferret Exploration, drilled at least 20 closely spaced holes in the area, on the southwest corner of the Dry Creek property. However, Homeland Uranium has not been able to obtain results from that drilling program.
WORK PROGRAM
A work program is designed to:
- Develop a GIS database by completing surveying and entering drill hole collar locations and geologic data into
- Plot maps and cross sections of the stream channels, sand thickness, and alteration in the sandstones
- Drill six conventional holes to depths of approximately 1,000 feet each to test for extensions of the mineralization discovered by Union Carbide in one of their drill holes and to determine the channel direction and thickness
- Adjacent drill holes PDH-DC-A and PDH-DC-B are planned for north end of Dry Creek
Based on results from these holes and from analysis of the old drill hole data, drilling another four to five holes in the area surrounding hole PN-6 or in other areas indicated as favorable by the data analyses.
VEX PROPERTY
PROPERTY NAME: Vex Property
LOCATION: Colorado
OWNERSHIP: 100%
PROPERTY SIZE: 66 unpatented mining claims, totaling 1,080 acres
EXPLORATION: Preliminary exploration stage
[insert vex property map]
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The VEX property is located on Monogram Mesa District Montrose County, Colorado. It is situated in the central portion of the salt anticline region of the Colorado Plateau, in the Uravan Belt.
WORK HISTORY
The area of the VEX property has seen extensive exploration and development since the 1950's. During the 1960's to the early 1980's, the area was extensively explored by Union Carbide and discovered the "Curley Van" deposit, which by 1974 had mined out the western part of the deposit. It is reported to still contain approximately 400,000 pounds of uranium.
Part of this deposit, reportedly underlies part of the VEX property. Homeland Uranium is currently endeavoring to obtain old claim and drill hole maps that show the location of the deposit on the claims.
WORK PROGRAM
A work program for the Vex property has been developed to:
- Develop a GIS database by completing surveying and entering the drill hole collar locations and geologic data
- Acquire drill hole data for drill holes on and around the property and enter these data, along with the recently acquired data, into a GIS to make cross sections and identify drill targets
- Drill five rotary holes, each approximately 750 feet deep, to the Upper Salt Wash and analyze these holes for uranium mineralization
TEX PROPERTY
PROPERTY NAME: Tex Property
LOCATION: Colorado
OWNERSHIP: 100%
PROPERTY SIZE: 79 unpatented mining claims, totaling 1,700 acres
EXPLORATION: Preliminary exploration stage
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The TEX property is located on the southwestern portion of the salt anticline region of the Colorado Plateau, in the Uravan Belt San Miguel County, Colorado. It is situated in the northeast flank of the Disappointment Syncline and continues up to the southwest flank of the Gyp Ridge Anticline on top of Gyp Ridge.
The target Upper Salt Wash sandstones are exposed approximately 1.5 miles to the southwest. Depth to the Upper Salt Wash in the area is believed to be in the 700 to 800 foot range.
The closest mines are the Burro Mines approximately one mile to the southwest of the southern portion of the TEX property and the Topaz Mine (part of the Sunday Mine Complex) on Gyp Ridge approximately 0.5 mile northeast of the property. Together, the Burro mines and the Sunday mines have produced over 5 million pounds of uranium and over 27 million pounds of vanadium from Upper Salt Wash channel sandstones.
WORK HISTORY
General Electric held part of the area under claim in the 1950's and 1960's and drilled several holes. Union Carbide had some claims on the east side of the TEX property and did a limited amount of drilling. Homeland Uranium is in the process of acquiring drill holes data within the property area to determine if there was uranium-vanadium mineralization or any favourable altered and reduced sandstones encountered in any of the old drill holes.
WORK PROGRAM
A work program has been designed to:
- Develop a GIS database by completing surveying and entering the drill hole collar locations and geologic data
- drill a north-south line of five conventional holes each to a depth of approximately 800 feet, and approximately 500 feet apart, to test for the existence of the Sunday-Burro channel on the flanks of the collapsed salt dome and to test for favorability in the Salt Wash sandstones
Based on results from these holes and from analysis of the old drill hole data, drilling another four to five holes in the area(s) most likely to host uranium-vanadium mineralization or to offset any mineralization in the first round of drilling.
ATKINSON MESA PROPERTY
PROPERTY NAME: Atkinson Mesa Property
LOCATION: Colorado
OWNERSHIP: 100%
PROPERTY SIZE: 111 unpatented mining claims, totaling 2,120 acres
EXPLORATION: Preliminary exploration stage
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Atkinson Mesa property is on Atkinson Mesa in the heart of the Uravan Belt, near the northeast end of the Salt Anticline Region of the Colorado Plateau. Depth to the target unit, the Jurassic Upper Salt Wash member of the Morrison Formation, varies from 500 feet on the southern portion of the property to as great as 800 feet on the northern part of the property.
WORK HISTORY
Union Carbide held claims over the area covered by the Atkinson Mesa property during the 1950's through the 1970's. During this period they mined the highly profitable King Solomon, Big Dick, and other large mines on the AEC (now DOE) lease tracts to the southwest of the property. When the price of uranium declined in the early 1980's, Union Carbide dropped their claims and as a result, much of the property has seen very limited exploration activity since that time.
WORK PROGRAM
Work to be considered:
- Develop a GIS database by completing surveying and entering the entire drill hole collar locations and geologic data
- Drill an initial eight rotary exploration holes on trend with the major channels to the southwest of the Property and enter all geologic, assay, and geophysical data from these holes into the GIS database and construct cross-sections from these data
- With favourable results, drill another round of 10 to 15 rotary/core holes in the most favorable areas identified in the first round of drilling
- Interpretation of data to determine where further exploration should take place
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